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Climates are characterized by moderate temperatures and high precipitation in winter and low growing season precipitation. There are strong moisture gradients with elevation.

Assimilated sites include a large number of long-term cone counts across the Cascades by Jerry Franklin.  Julie Jones and Dave Bell at the University of Oregon and USFS have been analyzing these data most recently. Seed-trap studies include the following:

Mount Ranier (MORA)

Wind River Experimental Forest (NEON WREF)

Franklin Network (many sites)